How Maltreatment of a Child Can Have Long Term Effects

Child abuse is considered socially unacceptable, unfortunately it happens every day. The effects from childhood maltreatment are long lasting and potentially life threatening. Childhood maltreatment is an act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other care giver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Saha, 2012, p. 213). Child abuse acts are committed behind closed doors and lack the necessary attention they need to be prevented. Research has shown that the acts of abuse do not stop behind closed doors. Maltreatment of a child causes effects such as; relationship violence, suicidal behaviors, and repercussions to the brains structure and function. Relationship Violence When adolescent†¦show more content†¦Due to a lack of high self-esteem a teenager may have escalated behavior resulting in excessive levels of conflict and high levels of jealousy. Suicidal Behavior Suicidal attempts are another result of childhood maltreatment. Suicidal attempts are potentially life threatening. The Journal of Family Violence states that child abuse is an emotional, physical, economic and sexual maltreatment of a person below the age of eighteen (Saha, 2012, p. 213). Methods of prevention include family therapy, interventions and counseling (Saha, 2012, p.22). These techniques allow the adolescent to express their feelings without any fear of punishment or consequences with hopes of bringing emotional healing. Young adults with a history of childhood maltreatment were three times more likely to become depressed or suicidal compared with individuals without such a history (Saha, 2012, p. 214). Young adults rationalize that death is a more foreseeable option then continuing in their current situations. â€Å"Long-term mental health consequences of abuse in childhood include depression and anxiety, low self-esteem, difficulty establishing and maintaining relatio nships, eating disorders and suicidal attempts† (Saha, 2012, p. 215). These thoughts are rationalized due to the type or severity of the abuse they have been subjected to or may still be experiencing. Suicidal attempts are both mentally and physically harming to young adults. Brain Structure and FunctionShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Childhood Maltreatment On Children s Development1243 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Maltreatment on Children’s Development Lea A. Dixon American Public University Consequences of Maltreatment on Children’s Development â€Å"27% percent, of the 702,000 victims of Childhood Maltreatment, are under the age of Three.† (Child Maltreatment, 2014) The World Health Organization defines child maltreatment as â€Å"abuse and neglect that occurs to children under 18 years of age.† (Child Maltreatment, 2016) -Examples of Child Maltreatment include:Read MoreDesign Research Proposal1022 Words   |  5 PagesDesign The research question for this research proposal is: is participation in a Housing First program effective in preventing reoccurrences of child maltreatment with families who have a history of housing instability? This research proposal will examine the hypothesis: Families with a history of instability will be less likely to commit child maltreatment when they are enrolled in a Housing First program as compared to those who are not enrolled. A longitudinal design study will be used to test theRead MoreAbuse993 Words   |  4 PagesChild Neglect 1 Running Head: CHILD NEGLECT Child Neglect Sahar Taki American University of Culture and Education Eng 260 Child Neglect 2 Abstract Study results found evidence that the apparent negative effects of maltreatment on children’s tendency to engage in crime were real. Being maltreated was found to almost double the probability of engaging in many types of crime and the effects were worst for children. Sexual abuse appeared to have the largest effects on crimeRead MoreLong Term Effects of Children of Addictive Parents1584 Words   |  7 Pages24 November 2012 Long Term Effects of Children of Addictive Parents Nothing makes a child grow up faster than having a parent who is addicted to drugs. A child of an addicted parent has no choice but to act as an adult. These children are often left alone and when they aren’t alone, their addicted parent is usually passed out in a drug induced stupor; leaving the child to fend for themselves and/or their siblings. Does having a drug addicted parent have an effect on a child’s emotionalRead MoreEssay on Child Abuse and Neglect1710 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maltreatment of children is not a new phenomenon. It dates back far into history, even back to biblical times. During recent years child maltreatment has had an increase in the publics eye. There are many factors to child maltreatment. There are four general categories of child maltreatment now recognized. They are physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect and emotional maltreatment. Each category, in turn, covers a range of behavior. The maltreatment of children not only affects the childrenRead MoreThe Psychological Effects of Child Abuse731 Words   |  3 PagesThe Psychological Effects of Child Abuse A recent study has found that five children die daily, due to abuse and neglect. According to the World Health Organization, â€Å"Studies show that psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior are side effects of violence towards infants and younger children. Some of damaging behavior caused by abuse includes the following: Depression, alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, anxiety disorders, aggression and violence towards others, risky sexual behaviors and post-traumaticRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children1373 Words   |  6 Pagesexposure to environmental stressors, depending on the exposure frequency and intensity, may impair the normal development of memory in children. This paper will evaluate the role of child maltreatment (physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, and neglect) in the changes of memory function. We will first explore maltreatment’s effect on the physiological changes that occur in the primary brain structures that are involved in the devel opment and functions of memory. Next, we will examine the differences inRead MoreThe Effects Of Child Maltreatment On Children1582 Words   |  7 PagesIn my research paper, I am going to discuss the negative effects that child maltreatment has on a child throughout their childhood and their life. Child maltreatment is defined as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). Child maltreatment includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, as well as neglect and failure to superviseRead More Investigating the Long-Term Effects of Physical Child Abuse Essay1057 Words   |  5 Pages905,000 children were victims of child abuse or neglect in 2006(Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2008). In 1996, more than three million victims of suspected abuse were reported to child protective services agencies in the United States (Ba ker, 2002). The numbers have changed and still many cases of abuse go unreported. The number of incidences of child abuse rises when the family is under stress, such as being in our economy. The effects of physical abuse can last a lifetime and are measured byRead MoreEssay on Child Abuse: The Epidemic That Must Cease 1443 Words   |  6 Pages Child abuse is epidemic in many countries as well as the United States. It is estimated that every thirteen seconds a child is abused in some manner: physically, sexually, emotionally or by neglect (Friedman). Each year, there are over 3 million reports of child abuse in the United States involving more than 6 million children. Child abuse can be reduced with proper education of the parents and with greater public awareness. Child abuse is the physical, sexual, emotional mistreatment, or neglect

Essay on Drawbacks and Benefits to Diagnosing...

From schizophrenia to bipolar disorder to severe depression there is no question that these are serious mental illnesses that are debilitating and require constant medical care and according to the American Psychiatric Association(APA) hording and internet disorders are just a couple of new diagnosis that they have added to the manual of mental disorder or DSM. But is this addition of new mental disorders really beneficial for the patients or is this a way for doctors and pharmaceutical companies to cash in? , this paper proposes both drawbacks and benefits to the diagnosis of mental disorders as well as investigation of some specific examples of diagnosed disorders. However, the paper’s main direction is to focus on the drawbacks which†¦show more content†¦Another DSM category is bereavement which has been treated over the years by considering normal grief not pathological, therefore the DSM repathologiesed it and allow people to go to psychiatrist when they lose som eone in their life and the psychiatrist diagnoses them for their lose even though it might be a normal self limiting kind of sadness. Realistically, diagnosis of a mental illness is only a medical diagnostic tool for the physician and it does not taking into account what the average person is dealing with or living with when they have a mental illness. One of the flaws of mental illness diagnosis is that it does not address the questions like what is the life quality of a patient or what other issues could arise in that patient based on these diagnoses. However, there are some drawbacks to the diagnosis of a mental illness there is benefit to it as well in such a way that it helps destigmatized and takes away labels from people who live with actual, severe mental illnesses. Diagnosis of a mental disorder also helps acknowledgement of a mental disorder from insurance companies and federal governments for coverage and funding respectively and helps people to get support and become aware that their behavioral problem is more than just a weak will or an odd behavior, at the same time diagnosis does not mean getting good treatment as well and in my opinion breaking down mental illnesses intoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Telepsychiatry: Improving Mental Health Possibilities1655 Words   |  7 Pagessignificant proportion of the population; however, it is complicated to determine exact numbers. This problem can be attributed to such issues as the changing definitions of mental illness as well as difficulties in classifying, diagnosing, and rep orting mental disorders. Limitations to adequate mental health services including social stigma, cultural incompatibility between patients and providers, language barriers, lack of insurance and logistical barriers. In addition, significant differencesRead MoreHow The Amygdalas Emotional Function Can Affect Sufferers Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )2004 Words   |  9 PagesReview on How the Amygdala’s Emotional Function can Affect Sufferers of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a relevant common mental disorder as it may affect approximately 2-3% of the population at any point (Green, 2003). There are numerous literatures on how a capacious amount of traumatic stress can affect the function of the brain, as the remembrance of a traumatic experience can affect attention and memory in the present which may leadRead MoreEssay on Methods and Effects of Prenatal Genetic Testing2997 Words   |  12 Pagescouples are subjecting their lives to the results of prenatal tests. For some, the information may be a sigh of relief, for others a tear of terror. The psychological effects following a prenatal test can be devastating, leaving the woman with a decision which will affect the rest of her life. For couples with previous knowledge of genetic disorders in their family and concerned parents, prenatal genetic testing is part of the regular pregnancy checkup. Making an appointment with a genetic counselorRead MoreMiss Essay8754 Words   |  36 Pagesclassiï ¬ cations systems and have a working knowledge of alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress. The unit also looks at the ways that mental health problems affect the individual and others in their social network, and considers the beneï ¬ ts of early intervention in promoting mental health and wellbeing. You will need to: ââ€" ¶ know the main forms of mental illness ââ€" ¶ consider the impact of mental ill health on individuals and others in their social network. The assessment of this unit isRead MoreMental Health Counseling6134 Words   |  25 Pageshuman development, psychology, mental health, and change theories, and develop an effective helping relationship with people from diverse cultures. Counselo rs are skilled in the assessment of people and situations, diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, and in the application of cognitive, behavioral and systemic strategies to facilitate change. Community counselors help clients explore their concerns and assist them in creating change. Counselors work with client to implement personal goals andRead MorePsychiatrists and Special Population Essay3236 Words   |  13 Pagescriteria for a major depressive disorder. Furthermore, postpartum depression affects 10-22% of adult women and up to 26% of adolescent mother. The prevalence of general anxiety disorder has been estimated at 8.5% in pregnancy, but there is little research on the impact on pregnancy outcomes. Evidence indicate women with bipolar disorder are vulnerable to high rate of recurrence without continued treatment. Three retrospective studies reported 45-52%bipolar disorder recurrence rate during pregnancyRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPrograms and Motivation Theories 252 Using Rewards to Motivate Employees 252 What to Pay: Establishing a Pay Structure 252 †¢ How to Pay: Rewarding Individual Employees Through Variable-Pay Programs 253 †¢ Flexible xii CONTENTS Benefits: Developing a Benefits Package 257 †¢ Intrinsic Rewards: Employee Recognition Programs 259 Summary and Implications for Managers 261 S A L Self-Assessment Library What’s My Job’s Motivating Potential? 240 Myth or Science? â€Å"CEO Pay Can’t Be Measured†Read MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesand more employment-related lawsuits have been filed, some employers have become more wary about adding employees. Instead, by using contract workers supplied by others, they face fewer employment legal issues regarding selection, discrimination, benefits, discipline, and termination. BNA Using Contingent Workers 445.10 Review the types of contingent workers and the legal issues associated with their use. Demographics and Diversity The U.S. workforce has been changing dramatically. It isRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesOrienting, and Developing Employees 182 Managing Careers 208 PART 5 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 MAINTAINING HIGH PERFORMANCE Establishing the Performance Management System 230 Establishing Rewards and Pay Plans 260 Employee Benefits 286 Ensuring a Safe and Healthy Work Environment 312 PART 6 Chapter 14 LABOR–MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTS Understanding Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining 340 Endnotes 367 Glossary 389 Company Index 395 Subject Index 398 v Contents Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages. . . . . . . . . . . 38 3—Change—The Innovative Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Factors Promoting Change . . . . . . . Empowerment—An Agent of Change Paradigm Shift—Myth or Reality . . . Organizing for Change . . . . . . . . . . . Diagnosing Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . Libraries as Open Systems . . . . . . . Resistance to Change . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marketing and Catering Services Free Essays

Company Background SIDAH CATERING SERVICES has been established on 25 January 2003. The company was established to carry out the work of supplying cooked food, drinking water, food, raw, wet, dry, and Catering Services. CATERING SERVICES SIDAH registered with the Ministry of Finance Malaysia in 080100 (beverage), 080200 (wet raw food), 080300 (dried raw food), 0804000 (canned / bottled / sachet), 080501 (Islamic cooked food) . We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing and Catering Services or any similar topic only for you Order Now CATERING SERVICES SIDAH have faith and strength ION develop businesses in the future with the success obtained and are being or have been performing service work on Vision School Cafeteria USJ, Subang Jaya, Cafeteria Pharmaniaga, National School Cafeteria Sek. 7, Religious School Cafeteria Sec. 3, Diner School Setia Alam, Restaurant Sidah and some premises in other institutions. The company also undertakes catering services involving several government departments and private organizations. Vision and misson Vision Mision The Fundamental to our approach is our commitment to provide the most effective solution to the people. And it is easy as 1†¦2†¦3†¦ To become the most effective Services solution To provide a cost Reasonable and Quality Services solution to the community To provide a multi-featured professional way at a reasonable price to fulfill the satisfaction of the society needs. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors. For example: A strength for a business could be: †¢a new, innovative product or service †¢location of your business †¢quality processes and procedures †¢any other aspect of your business that adds value to your product or service. A weakness could be: †¢lack of marketing expertise †¢location of your business poor quality goods or services †¢damaged reputation Opportunities and threats are external factors. For example: An opportunity could be: †¢a developing market such as the Internet. †¢mergers, joint ventures or strategic alliances †¢moving into new market segments that offer improved profits †¢a new in ternational market †¢a market vacated by an ineffective competitor A threat could be: †¢a new competitor †¢price wars with competitors †¢a competitor has a new, innovative product or service †¢competitors have superior access to channels of distribution †¢taxation is introduced on your product or service How to cite Marketing and Catering Services, Essay examples

Confessions of Faith free essay sample

Rhodes enters politics in the Cape Colony for his health and wealth. What is confession of Faith of the colonial encounter that’s in Africa? â€Å"In Confessions of Faith,† the great imperialist and wealthy diamond mine owner Cecil Rhodes stresses his opinion of the importance of the English people. He tries to justify English imperialism and bringing the world under English influence by making several claims. He talks about, (what is a good chief in life? In Rhodes case by asking that question, Rhodes wants to do something useful for his country. He was controlling the diamond production. He had parlayed his territories Zambia and Zimbabwe. Rhodes argued about the way the English children are brought into this world, saying that the English people are limiting their children. Rhodes says that there should be more English children in his country so they can retain America. In addition, he states that the uncivilized part of the world should come under English rule so there would be an increase in the rate of employment and put a stop to all wars. We will write a custom essay sample on Confessions of Faith or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He said the English race is the finest race in the world. He states that taking others territory is a way to help and increase more of their kind which would make the world a better place to live in. Rhodes thinks that this will make the Anglo-Saxon race never end. Rhodes also thinks that the more English people in the world along with less other race like the British and the Irish that again there would be end of wars. Rhodes wanted nothing more than to serve his country. He believes that the Anglo-Saxon should rule the world. Rhodes wants to render himself and his race to his country. He argues that the Anglo-Saxon race is superior to all other races in the world. Rhodes thinks that any other race should not exist. Humans being born that are not going to be raised in the Anglo-Saxon race are a waste to him. He wanted to make the British Empire a superpower in which all white countries in the empire would be represented in the British colony. Rhodes argues this because he thinks that the British will rule the world. Rhodes was upset about it because he said the British do not rule America. To summarize, the absorption of the greater portion of the world under the rule simply means the end of all wars. This objects one should work for are first, and furtherance of the British Empire. The bringing of the whole uncivilized world under British Empire leaves the recovereyof the United States, the making of the Anglo-Saxon race but for only one Empire. Rhodes feels that there needs to be more English race in America, so there can be no more wars. To let the Irish and the German stay in their own country because, he describes them as low class. He deplores the way they have failed to develop America into a fine country. Rhodes wants to keep America finer without the prejudice. Rhodes made his point clear in this article and he goes into detail on what races do wrong. Rhodes thought that his race was better even though he did respect the Germans. Rhodes arguments support nationalism as well as imperialism by the way he speaks about each race. I don’t believe that there was or could be a competition to bring out the best in the races because, each race has a unique spirit and identity that can’t be duplicated by other races.

The Omnivore Versus the Forest Essay Sample free essay sample

The Omnivore’s Dilemma by Michael Pollan describes the mundane battle between the omnivore and its nutrient picks. The omnivore’s quandary comes about every clip the omnivore becomes hungry. There is the inquiry of â€Å"What do I desire to eat? † for each repast. Pollan believes that the omnivore has three chief nutrient ironss: the industrial ( maize ) . the pastoral ( grass ) . and the personal ( forest ) . I chose Part III Personal of The Omnivore’s Dilemma. The personal nutrient concatenation is where the hunter-gatherer finds their nutrient within the forest. I will be reexamining chapters 15 through 17. The Forager. The Omnivore’s Dilemma. and The Ethical motives of Eating Animals. The Omnivore’s Dilemma offers an interesting penetration of the omnivore overall nevertheless. does it run into my common outlooks of readability. plot line development. and keeping involvement. The manner a book reads in footings of words and linguistic com munication used is readability. When an writer uses uncommon or unknown words throughout. We will write a custom essay sample on The Omnivore Versus the Forest Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page it affects the manner the book reads. When I am invariably looking up words that are unfamiliar or I can non find from the context. I lose involvement. The changeless fillet distracts from how it reads. There were a few words I did non cognize such as chantarelle and excess. Chanterelle turns out to be a species of mushroom. which I was able to find from the context of the paragraph. I had to halt to look up excess. which means an intemperate or immoderate indulgence in something. Overall chapters 15 through 17 have great readability. Storyline development is another of import facet of a book. The narrative must bit by bit construct onto itself without going stagnant. A plot line that builds to culminate fast and leaves the remainder of the narrative with nil or a plot line that takes everlastingly to develop will guarantee that I will halt reading. Chapters 15 through 17 attention deficit disorders to the plot line of The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Chapter 15 starts with the gatherer or forager. Pollan begins with his garnering experience of assisting his female parent cod boodle. berries. and beach plums during childhood. He so adds to the plot line with his maturity experience as semblage in the wood for mushrooms to acquiring his runing licence. Chapter 16 physiques into how the omnivore’s quandary applies to the hunter-gatherer. Pollan explains how the omnivore overcomes the defences of workss and animate beings and therefore creates the quandary. Chapter 17 so adds in the how the omnivore feels about eating animate beings. how the vegetarian chooses how to eat. how animate beings suffer ( both being hunted and farm animate beings ) . the felicity of farm animate beings. the utmost vegetarian – the vegan. and the clean putting to death. The last facet of a book is keeping involvement. I will merely read a book if my involvement is peaked and maintained throughout. Keeping my involvement is the apogee of the other two facets: readability and plot line. The first three chapters of Part III have some interesting parts nevertheless. my involvement went in moving ridges. Chapter 15 was the most interesting of the three chapters. Pollan held my involvement by supplying some background and stating his narrative of the first efforts at scrounging. Chapters 16 and 17 did non keep my involvement at all. I had to coerce myself to maintain reading. The Omnivore’s Dilemma met two of the three common outlooks I have for readin g books. Unfortunately. the book was non able to keep my attending as expected. A book can read good and hold a good developed plot line but if it fails to maintain me interested. I will neer complete the book. The interesting penetration The Omnivore’s Dilemma provides is non plenty for me to maintain reading.

Dna in Criminal Investigation Essays

Dna in Criminal Investigation Essays Dna in Criminal Investigation Essay Dna in Criminal Investigation Essay Since its discovery in the 1980’s, the application of DNA has been utilized in many ways. When Deoxyribonucleic Acid, or DNA is examined, a precise decoding of genetic information is revealed. With the exception of identical twins, every person’s genetic code (commonly referred to as a Genetic Fingerprint) is inherited and unique. From Maury advising men everyday on TV â€Å"You ARE the Father! † or â€Å"You are NOT the Father! † to learning the descendents of former slaves are related to President Thomas Jefferson, we have come to rely upon and expect the accuracy of DNA. DNA almost immediately transformed the American Criminal Justice System. Law Enforcement, District Attorneys, Defense Attorneys, Criminal Court and Family Court all work with DNA on a daily basis. DNA that can be utilized in a criminal investigation may be collected from a crime scene in many different forms: skin tissue, hair, blood, semen, saliva, vaginal fluid, anything that may be collected from a human that may contain cells can be utilized and tested for DNA. DNA testing is the most accurate form of scientific evidence available. Results and accuracy are measured within millionths of a percent. The accuracy of fingerprints, the method for forensic identification that has been utilized for over one hundred years cannot match DNA. The process for utilizing DNA in criminal investigation requires the match of two samples, one from the suspect and one collected from the crime scene. Once these two DNA samples are collected they are sent off to a lab. The samples are extracted, studied and compared. If there is a match it becomes irrefutable evidence that the suspect was at the scene where the evidence was collected. One of the most compelling stories of the use of DNA in criminal investigation is the case known as The Bike Path Rapist. There had been many unsolved rapes committed in a Buffalo, New York park dating back from 1981. Anthony Capozzi, a man who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia and lived in the area became a suspect after he was noticed acting strangely in the area. He was charged with three rapes. The rape victims told police their attacker was about 160 pounds; Anthony Capozzi weighed over 200 pounds. Capozzi has a prominent three inch scar on his face, but none of the rape victims reported their attacker had a scar. Despite this all three victims identified Anthony Capozzi as the man who raped them. His case went to trial and he was convicted of two of the three rapes and sentenced to 35 years in prison. The only identification evidence introduced at trial was that of the victims. After he was convicted, Capozzi’s attorney is quoted in the Washington Post as saying, â€Å"Please don’t take comfort in the fact that Anthony Capozzi has been convicted of these two crimes, because he didn’t do them. Don’t feel that you can go running without company in Delaware Park. † Capozzi struggled with mental illness and served 15 years of his prison sentence in Central New York Psychiatric Center. Capozzi maintained his innocence, and for the 22 years while he was incarcerated his family never gave up hope. After Capozzi was incarcerated the rapes continued, and the Bike Path Rapist became the Bike Path Killer. In addition to a continuing series of rapes in the area, two University of Buffalo students and the wife of a University of Buffalo professor were all murdered. A combination of old fashioned detective work and the science of DNA helped to solve a case that has spanned over two decades and involved over twenty five victims. On September 29, 2006, the sixteenth anniversary of another murder, the body of Joan Diver was found unclothed, beaten and strangled to death on a bike path. In this case DNA of her assailant was left in the form of a single bead of sweat left on the steering wheel of her car. Finally a sample of DNA evidence! The DNA of the unknown assailant matched the DNA from numerous other rape victims. The detectives looked backed upon the old unsolved cases. In 1981, one rape victim saw a man she believed to be her attacker. She wrote down his license plate number and gave it to the police. The owner of the vehicle had provided a solid alibi for the rape to the police. The victim reported she was able to recognize the vehicle, not the owner of the vehicle. Twenty five years later, the police again visited the owner of the car with the alibi. He finally admitted to the police that his nephew, Altemio Sanchez, had borrowed his vehicle on the day in question. If the DNA of Altemio Sanchez was a match of the DNA taken from Joan Diver’s vehicle and the other victims, the Bike Path Rapist/Killer would finally be identified. The police followed Sanchez for about ten days. Unaware he was under surveillance, Sanchez and his wife stopped in to a restaurant to eat while three undercover detectives were at the bar watching them enjoy their meal. After Sanchez left the restaurant, the police left the restaurant with the water glass and silverware Sanchez had used. The police now had DNA samples from the suspect and numerous crime scenes. The samples were an exact match, and Sanchez was arrested for three murders. Although he was identified as the assailant on many of the rapes, Sanchez was not charged; the statute of limitations had passed. The arrest of Sanchez had not gone unnoticed to Capozzi’s family and attorney. Additionally, the Innocence Project worked with Capozzi. The Detectives on the Sanchez case had also seen the similarities in the cases. Sanchez and Capozzi closely resembled each other at the time the crimes were committed. They began to wonder if Capozzi was an innocent man in prison, but they could find no evidence to clear his name. One of the detectives questioned whether the hospital retained the rape kit evidence of Capozzi’s alleged victims from over twenty years ago. The vital evidence had been quietly stored in a drawer at the Erie County Medical Center. Evidence collected from both the victims in 1985 matched Sanchez, not Capozzi. After serving 22 years in prison, DNA evidence earlier proved Capozzi was innocent of the rapes. DNA evidence linked Sanchez to over 25 sexual assaults dating back to 1975. On April 2, 2007, Anthony Capozzi was exonerated and released from prison. On August 15, 2007, Altemio Sanchez was sentenced to 75 years in prison with no chance of parole. He is currently in Clinton Correctional facility. According to the New York State Department of Criminal Justice Website, since January 1, 1996, the law in New York State has required offenders convicted of certain felonies to submit biological samples (formerly blood and more recently buccal samples swabbed from the inside of the cheek) for DNA profiling through laboratory analysis. These DNA profiles are organized and kept in a Data Bank, and can be used in an attempt to match any unidentified DNA found at a crime scene. The New York State Department of Criminal Justice (DCJS) Website goes on to state: When matched against samples of forensic DNA gathered from crime scenes, these reference DNA profiles from the Offender Index can identify- or eliminate- suspects in criminal investigations. Forensic DNA analysis has been shown to be a highly efficient technique that assures a greater likelihood of detection than traditional forensic methods. The Innocence Project was founded in 1992 to assist prisoners who could be proven innocent through DNA testing. Since its inception, the Innocence Project has helped to exonerate over 240 people including 17 people who have been sentenced to death.

ANEMIA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ANEMIA - Assignment Example Iron deficiency anemia is triggered by failure in blood cell production. The proper management plan will be based in correcting the issue as well as replenishing iron stores. This is done by the prescription of oral iron therapy, activity restriction, and diet adjustment. The patient must be given iron supplementation and in instances where oral preparations cannot be tolerated, parenteral iron may be used. In cases or oral iron therapy, ferrous sulfate is the best iron salt to be administered. Oral iron must be continued until three months after the iron deficiency has been corrected; this aims at replenishing the stores. Analysis of the patient’s diet reveals the diet may have contributed to her condition. The proper management plan for dietary adjustment is counseling the patient on their consumption and development of a meal plan. This means the patient must start consuming meals rich in iron and folic acid, i.e. spinach, broccoli, kidney beans, whole grains, asparagus, an d broccoli. In addition, the patient has to be advised to increase her vitamin B12 intake. Restriction of activity is necessary for this patient based on the fact that she exercises intensely. Therefore, she ought to limit her activities until she is well. The hemoglobin level of the patient has to be monitored at intervals. This is part of the follow up procedure (Brashers,

Scientology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Scientology - Term Paper Example Scientology can be described as a valuable study that preserves its spiritual relationship to the principles of the universe and that of other creatures (Lewis 5-100). Thesis Statement The paper intends to briefly explore the concept of Scientology and understand its various aspects. The discussion of this paper highlights major characteristics and various facts about the religion of Scientology. Moreover, the discussion also considers the major principles of Scientology and its significance in the human life through its various controversial facts. Discussion The dimension of Scientology emanates from the ‘scientia’, a Latin word which signifies knowledge and skills of each individual. According to Hubbard, â€Å"[s]cientology is the science of knowing how to know the answers. It is an organized system of axioms and processes which resolve the problem of existence† (Hubbard 25). Therefore, it can be recognized that the religion of Scientology is prepared with reg ard to the spiritual viewpoint that encloses an appropriate and practical description of the spirit and is competent to develop the spiritual behaviors. L. Ronald Hubbard also mentioned that Scientology transformed in the tradition of thousands of years of religious philosophy that significantly is considered a result of the investigation upon various religions including Veda, Buddhism, The Tao, and Christianity among others. It is a Gnostic faith which is considered as an appropriate knowledge of knowing things. Scientology can reveal that it can achieve the objectives that are set for any individuals by all religions that include human insights, good health, and immortality (Hubbard 25). In order to recognize Scientology in more expressive way, the nature and the scope of Dianetics need to be significantly identified. Dianetics can be illustrated as the fundamental concept of scientific principles of human thoughts and beliefs and is significantly related to discover the power of knowledge which is possessed within the human mind (Hubbard 7). Scientology can also be regarded as an association which relies in between religion and psychology. The approach significantly focuses to each individual in terms of properly evaluating the power of knowledge that releases full potential of an individual. The appropriate utilization of ideas or knowledge considerably provides the benefit to each individual to empower innate superhuman nature. According to the philosophical principles of Scientology, major challenges of each individual that affect in achieving desired goals include lack of confidence, physical or psychological disabilities, and psychosomatic infirmities. Elimination of such human limitations is quite essential for any individual in order to successfully achieve desired goals and objectives (Wallis, â€Å"The Road to Total Freedom: A Sociological Analysis of Scientology†). Major Aspects of Scientology Scientology involves two major principles that are described in its ARC and KRC triangles. ARC and KRC triangles of Scientology significantly describe the relationship between its three major concepts. The ARC triangle within the periphery of Scientology is a major aspect that significantly possesses the principles and values of Scientology, including power of knowledge and skills of individuals (Neusner 228). ARC Triangle The ARC triangle consists of three major aspects: Affinity, Reality and Communication. Affinity in

Integration of Paperless System in Healthcare Administration Research Paper

Integration of Paperless System in Healthcare Administration - Research Paper Example This paper's aim is to introduce the definition of a paperless environment, its meaning, requirements and components, advantages and benefits, specifically for the medical settings and the healthcare administration. This paper will be focusing on these main topics of interest: 1. Introduction to the paperless workplace 2. Benefits of the paperless workplace A. Environment-friendly impact B. Communication versatility C. Security D. Productivity and effectivity 3. Components and requirements of a paperless workplace in the medical setting 4. Conclusion Introduction to the paperless workplace The idea of a paperless workplace has been around for quite sometime, but its transition from being an idea to actually being implemented took quite some time. According to articlesbase.com in their article â€Å"A Brief History Time â€Å"paperless Office ", the idea of the paperless office â€Å"was introduced in the year of 1975† but the article also stated that it was not until 1993 th at a major software company started to actually introduce the idea and provided tools in order to make it doable in the workplace. In an article by ehow.com, called â€Å"Definition of a Paperless Office†, they described a paperless office as â€Å"Instead of paper, the paperless office would use modern technology to accomplish all of the same goals.† This means that a paperless office would make it so that functions such as internal or external communication, memos and reminders, bulletins, notes and reports would all be done electronically. This means that there would be little to no paper used in such an office setting; only when absolutely necessary. This type of situation has both benefits and adjustments that need to be made on the part of both the business and the employees, which will be detailed in later parts of this paper. The thing to remember is that this type of work environment presents many advantages for all types of workplaces, even healthcare environ ments. In a paper called â€Å"Synthesis of Data from Alabama Board of Nursing† they described that the healthcare industry still relies heavily on paper for documentation. This shows us how much the healthcare industry wastes on paper. The basics of the paperless office or workplaces are quite simple in concept. According to inc.com in their article â€Å"How to switch to a paperless office†, going paperless has lots of advantages, one of them being that the business could potentially save money. The article goes on to say â€Å"Anyone working in the office of a lawyer, accountant, or health care company can tell you: the paperless office is still for many elusive, buried under ever increasing stacks of paper. â€Å" but it does provide steps to follow in order to help a business to go paperless. We must be aware that going paperless is not without cost, but we can think of that initial cost as an investment that will eventually have a return. The next part of this paper will discuss the benefits of a paperless office and break them down into specific benefits and their effects on the healthcare setting. Benefits of the paperless workplace Before we look at what benefits can be gained from converting to a paperless workplace, we must first look at how using paper as a main source of communication and documentation can affect a workplace negatively. Some people feel that new

A Report On Madurai

A Report On Madurai Madurai Madurai is a temple city located in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu and is one of the most ancient cities in India. Madurai is said to have existed from the pre Christian era. Madurai, according to scriptures and religious texts, is said to have been established in the Sangam age the golden age of Tamil literature. Significance History records the visit of the Greek philosopher, Megasthanes in the third century BC and was followed by visits by scholars and traders from ancient Greece and Rome. Madurai was the seat of learning during the Sangam era and flourished under the reign of the Pandya dynasty. However, the creation of temples to make Madurai the city of temples as it is known today can be attributed to Thirumalai Nayak who initiated the construction of many magnificient temples around the 15th century. Attractions The Meenakshi Sundareshwar Temple: This temple dominates the skyline of the city center and Madurai city is built around the Meenakshi Sundareshwar temple which is surrounded by concentric streets believed to symbolize the structure of the cosmos. It is one of the greatest Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu and was built by Kulasekhara, a Pandya king. The temple was built to commemorate the love of Goddess Meenakshi and her groom Sundareshwar. Thiruparankundram Temple: Located 25 km away from the city, this temple is said to have built to celebrate the wedding of Lord Murugan, the resident deity of Tamil Nadu in many ways, to Devainai. The Thiruparankundram temple is older than the Meenakshi Sundareshwar temple. Goripalyam Dargah: Built the spot where two famous saints of Islam are buried, Goripalyam Dargah, literally translated, means built on a grave (gor = grave in Persian). Located off the Vaigai river, this dargah is an architectural marvel and boasts of a 70 ft circular dome carved of a single block of stone. Kazimar Mosque: One of the most ancient mosques that was built by Hazrat Kazi Syed Tajuddin in the 13th century. The Kazimar mosque is situated in the heart of the city. St. Marys Cathedral Church: This is the seat of the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese in Madurai. St. Marys Cathedral church is one of the oldest Roman Catholic church in India. The church is situated very close to Thirumalai Nayak Bhavan, another popular tourist attraction. Azhagar Temple: Located about 25 km from the city the Azhagar temple is a shrine dedicated to Lord Vishnu. The enshrined deity however, is Lord Kallazhagar. How to Reach Catch a plane and land at the Madurai airport which is a mere 9 km from the city centre. Madurai station is a major junction on the southern line and is also one of the busiest. The city is well connected by road with Chennai and all other major cities in India.

Bob Dole: A Race To The Top Essay -- essays research papers

Bob Dole: A Race to the Top People understand they can't get all these tax cuts, protect their favorite programs, and balance the budget," says Susan Tanaka speaking on the promises made by presidential candidate Bob Dole to the American public (Gibbs 1996). Bob Dole proposed his tax cut package on Aug. 5, 1996 hoping to entice the public into voting for him in the 1996 presidential elections. Dole focuses his proposal towards social conservatives and supply siders believing he will give them their link to growth-oriented tax cuts which will amount to 551 billion dollars over the next six years (Rubin 1996). So how does Bob Dole plan to make all these things happen without remaining in office for at least 12 years? He does not, it is merely an impossible act in a desperate attempt to get himself elected. As a tradition, the "Grand old Party" has always benefited the rich more than the middle and working class people of America. Bob Dole promises a plan which will avoid business tax cuts and combine a marginal rate cut with a $500 per child tax credit, targeted towards low and middle income tax payers. The result, a plan that while still benefiting the rich more than the middle class, more evenly distributes between all income groups (Duffy 1996). Under Dole's tax cut plan, a family of four with an annual income of 31,000 would see their tax bill drop from $2,000 to $800, a difference of $1,200. "The way the tax cut was packaged shows that they were still sensitive to the old anti-Reagan argument that tax cuts just benefit the rich and they tried to show that their plan would benefit everybody," remarked Rick Grafmeyer, a tax partner at Earnest & Young, a national accounting firm (Barnes, 1996, 29). While Dole flaunts the benefits of his tax-cut proposal, he fails to mention what will suffer in order to activate his tax cuts. First of all, Dole made no mention of how his tax-cut proposal will pay for the $551 billion reduction in taxes. Secondly, Dole does not say that he needs to cut spending in "small" areas such as Medicare, student loans, defense spending and social security. (Gibbs, 1996) Even if Dole plans to leave these things out of the cut, that still leaves 30% of the budget to absorb the cost of the tax cut. Professor Alan Aurbach, of the Universit... ...ncing his tax-cut package and using his other strengths such as his experience in Washington. The worst case scenario would be that he looses the support of his supply-siders, which would not make much difference because he has not gotten that much more than grief from them anyway. In short, it is a tragedy that Dole has sold his soul to win the election, and now he won't end up with either. Dole likes to call himself an agent of change and says that President Cinton is only a defender of the status quo. This seems to upset the traditional views of both parties and reverses the roles. President Clinton proposes only minor tax cuts and specifies payment through minor spending cuts and other revenues while still protecting Medicare, social security, and other related issues. Between President Clinton's election in 1992 and the present, the national deficit has fallen 60% from 290 billion dollars to around 117 billion dollars (Barnes 1996). The strongest case supported the candidate who best represents the conservative American and also holds true to the Democratic party's tradition, United States President and fellow American, William Jefferson Clinton.

Henry David Thoreau, Less is More, and Fenway Park Essay

Henry David Thoreau, one of America’s most well-known New Englanders, would most probably be disappointed with recent proposals to dismantle Fenway Park in order to construct a more profitable baseball park. The past two decades have witnessed a pervasive sports trend in which professional sports franchises have sought to maximize revenues by abandoning or tearing down old stadiums in order to construct modern stadiums that incorporate a variety of other income-generating facilities into the larger sports stadium design. In Toronto, for instance, hotels and department stores have been attached to the baseball stadium in order for the owners of the Toronto Blue Jays to generate more profits through the creation of hotel and shopping markets. In the Bronx, to take another example, the venerable Yankees of New York made a decision to abandon the mythical park known as Yankees stadium in order to construct a larger and more extravagant baseball stadium right next to the old stadium. Many times, the pursuit of greater profits in this respect involves the use of essentially extortionary methods by greedy owners of sports franchises in order to force municipalities to allocate scare tax dollars toward the renovation or construction of sports facilities under a threat that the sports franchise will move to a new city willing to spend tax dollars on their behalf. The role that greed plays in this trend cannot be denied; indeed, with respect to the Red Sox, they have recently broken the curse of the Bambino by finally prevailing in the World Series and consistently sell the majority of their tickets in addition to substantial amounts of merchandise. It is unquestionable, for instance, that â€Å"The ballpark was packed with avid fans, as it always is† (Dreier 18) and that the Red Sox are one of America’s most recognizable brand names. Nonetheless, despite an extraordinarily loyal fan base and a baseball park considered one of the most aesthetically pleasing in all of sport, the Red Sox ownership is determined to raze Fenway Park in order to construct a completely new stadium. The ownership’s primary rationale is that â€Å"the current park, with 33,871 seats (the smallest in the major leagues), is â€Å"economically obsolete† and that they need the additional revenue from luxury boxes, stadium seats, and the other frills of newfangled stadiums in order to â€Å"compete† with teams that have them† (Dreier 18). Proposals for renovations have been rejected by Red Sox ownership on the grounds that a new stadium is cheaper than renovations. What emerges from proposals to destroy Fenway Park in order to construct a new stadium is fundamentally a portrait of greed. Ownership is not satisfied with current profits, even though they have proven more than adequate to compete, and one is left to wonder how much is too much and whether the smaller park might be a critical reason underlying the Red Sox mystique. Thoreau would likely be highly critical of such proposals and the proffered rational. Thoreau: Personal Style, Less is More, and Simplicity Henry David Thoreau’s mystique is intimately connected to his highly personalized writing style and his philosophical orientation. In terms of his writing style, for instance, Thoreau prefers to speak directly to his readers rather than to rely on third person narrative techniques. To this end, Thoreau rather consistently writes in the first person in a way that creates a type of conversational dialogue between the writer and the reader. In creating the context of his work Life in the Woods, Thoreau employs this first person conversation style by writing â€Å"When I wrote the following pages†¦I lived alone, in the woods, a mile from my neighbor, in a house which I had built myself† and further that â€Å"I earned my labor by the work of my hands alone. I lived there for two years and two months† (n. p. ). In addition to employing a heavily dependent first person type of narrative, Thoreau also relies on personal observations and experiences in order to test and to support his theories and his conclusions. His is a uniquely hands-on type of narrative in which he derives his insights from personal experiences rather than from hearsay taken from the observations and experiences of other people. To be sure, Thoreau does at times reference the theories and the works of other people. He is obviously a well-read writer and he cites proverbs and theories from people as diverse as famous Buddhists, Hindus, and Western writers. All of these outside references, however, are structurally subordinate to his own observations, theoretical premises, and proffered conclusions. This type of first person narrative gives rise to what is extraordinarily analogous to a type of personal and philosophical quest in which Thoreau appears to be challenging conventional wisdom in several respects. Thus, in addition to a writing style that is deeply personal, Thoreau also succeeds in allowing the reader to share in his journey or quest. This is because his writing is richly descriptive in a way that makes it nearly impossible to sever the descriptions of New England’s natural environment from the philosophical and economic assumptions and conclusions that he is simultaneously addressing, considering, and commenting upon. At the same that he discusses the economics of constructing his house he also describes in excruciating detail the type of natural materials used for the construction and the benefits of understanding the qualities of these raw materials in order to most effectively construct his new home. Nature, in effect, represents both a source of intellectual illumination and a liberty to live life in a manner than obviates destructive human characteristics such as greed and desperation in the face of perceived deprivations. He remarks in this respect that I go and come with a strange liberty in Nature, a part of herself (n.  p. ). Thoreau’s writing style, in sum, is deeply personal and it invites the reader to join his search for meaning in a world in which human existence cannot be severed from nature. Although he is most well-known as a literary philosopher, a careful review of Thoreau’s writing also demonstrates that he comments to a great extant on economics as well. He basically argues that human beings have made daily life too complicated. It has become too complicated because people desire things such as fame, money, and extravagance in ways that have no limitation. There is no final stage of happiness, people always want more, and as a result people are destined to be unhappy because there is no comfortable or moderate level of accomplishment. He states in this respect that â€Å"Most men†¦through mere ignorance or mistake, are so occupied with the facetious cares and superfluously coarse labours of life that its finer fruits cannot be plucked by them† (n. p. ). People therefore need to set modest goals consistent with nature in ways that will result in contentment and moderation. He characterizes this as a simple approach to life in which happiness is best achieved by avoiding extreme desires. Desperation, whether in terms of fame or profit, is therefore a destructive and should be avoided. In addition to being well-known as a philosopher, there is much economic discussion and wisdom in Thoreau’s writings. The fundamental economic theme advocated by Thoreau is that â€Å"When it comes to economic consumption, less is more† (Cafaro 26). A desperate desire for public acclaim and wealth wastes natural resources and is unnecessary to the attainment of a successful and happy life. In short, Thoreau’s personalized writing style functions as a type of personal appeal for human beings to become happier and more self-sufficient by using resources wisely and by being content with reasonable limits in daily life rather than pursuing ever higher levels of artificial accumulation. Fenway Park through Thoreau’s Eyes Upon learning of the proposed demolition of Fenway Park, I decided to pack up my backpack with some clothes and camped in the visitor’s bullpen. It was my desire to learn whether the players and the fans were happy with the stadium. I spent afternoons in the parking lot, attending tailgate parties with fans, and evenings in my perch in the bullpen chatting with home and visiting players. I did not have to purchase tickets, the owners of the Red Sox having invited me to live in the bullpen for a month hoping that I would lend their proposals a vote of confidence after personally witnessing the ostensibly decrepit state of the famed stadium, and I crafted a tent from practice uniforms and baseball bats in the evening to shield me from the chilly climate of Boston’s evenings and early mornings. Shelter and access secure, I turned my attentions to warming my body and found that the natural confines of Boston were more than adequate for purposes of sustenance. The fans offered hot dogs during games, hamburgers during tailgate parties, and vendors were always kind enough to provide me with care packages on days that the Red Sox played away or had open dates. I was, in sum, housed and fed and free to engage in my observations of the fans and players in Fenway Park. Most players and fans seemed genuinely happy and content, subject of course to the scores of individual games, and as I sat in the bullpen I thought I began to understand. It is true that Fenway Park is an extraordinarily old baseball stadium, that it is not as shiny or polished as other stadiums in the league, and yet there was a natural and pristine quality that seemed in many ways to transcend contemporary baseball. The morning dew clung to the outfield grasses of green and contributed to the firm natural turf in a way that allowed the outfielders to maintain a firm footing rather than sliding or slipping in pursuit of line drives slapped by hitters into the gaps. The grass dried in the afternoons and was soft enough to cushion a player’s fall if diving for a pop-up became necessary. The grasses of Fenway were both aesthetically pleasing, a part of Boston’s natural environment, and friend rather than for players tumbling to the ground. It occurred to me one early morning that other stadiums had torn up their natural grass and replaced it with Astroturf and other forms of artificial grass. The motives were fundamentally economic in nature, premised in an accountant’s calculation that maintenance fees would be cheaper so that profits could be maximized, and the results were disappointing. These artificial turfs faded in color and peeled. Fans and players complained. The sun glared off the turf and blinded fans who had paid good money for tickets. The smell of the grass was gone and the fields became plastic stages rather than natural turfs. More, the comforting textures of grass fields torn up, players began to suffer more injuries and more serious types of injuries on artificial turf. Under the turf, another cost-saving measure, was a concrete and hard-rubber base. Players suffered ligament tears previously uncommon on grass fields and bones were more frequently broken when players have fallen on the grass. The turf is unnatural, it is unforgiving, and it does not interact naturally with the human body. This illustrates the danger of change premised on profit without a due regard being given to other salient factors. The artificial turf denigrated the visual aesthetic of watching a baseball game in person and led to decreased ticket sales; in the same way, increased injuries led to more expensive medical bills and lost playing time that imposed costs far in excess of the initial savings envisioned when the grass was torn out and the artificial turf was installed. Alterations have consequences and it is difficult to imagine fixing something that is not broken. The grass in Fenway represents the purity of the game and is firmly etched in the minds of all that have visited as fans or played as players at Fenway Park. Fans and players are satisfied, the quality of the game is intact, and the ownership’s preoccupation with profit must be analyzed in light of the downfalls experienced in the case of artificial turf. There is more to baseball, both as a sport and as entertainment, that size and glamour. The beauty is in the finer details and the owners would be well-advised to consider the risks of destroying a beautiful thing for profit alone. It would also be wise to consider the consequences of replacing the lovingly certain with the uncertain. A peek into the stands demonstrates fans who are committed, loyal, and knowledgeable. There is a sea of Red Sox colors, families cheering and grimacing, and a uniformity of aspiration that seems difficult if not impossible to attain in outside settings. These fans are possessed with a common cause, the success of their beloved Red Sox, and this singularness of purpose transcends differences in their individual lives and diverse backgrounds and personalities. Fenway is a unifying force, it has since its inception been a unifying force for the people of New England generally and Bostonians more specifically, and this unity has been cultivated and reinforced by human fascination by such structures as the Green Monster in left field and such Red Sox heroes as Ted Williams. One might copy the Green Monster, a short but towering fence in left field, but it would never be the same in a new field. More, given ownership’s perverse fascination with profit, it is plausible that the new left field fence would be lowered to accommodate more seats capable of selling more tickets. A new park would become standard rather than distinctive and one of the park’s major draws would be eliminated. The same is true with the way in which memories of past heroes would be dished; ted Williams batted over . 400 while walking and running within the confine of Fenway Park; his memory would fade with the demolished park. Heroes and physical attractions are attached to Fenway park and cannot be duplicated. Finally, there are questions pertaining to audience; as a writer, I am well aware of the fact that audiences are truer indicators of fame and reception than profits. What quality of fan, for instance, shall be attracted to a modern stadium with modern and non-baseball related amenities? Will the common man be priced out of attending Red Sox games in a sport cathedral dedicated to profit rather than community and sport? These are questions worth considering; they are worth considering because, in truth, the fame of the Red Sox is dependent on its natural environment. This natural environment, in turn, includes the history of the franchise, the intimacy that Fenway Park cultivates between fan and franchise, and an audience that is fervently dedicated to the team. Removing Fenway Park may very well destroy these symbiotic relations and taint the brand value of the Boston Red Sox. Tearing down Fenway Park for a new stadium is like tearing down the forests for a new housing development. Nothing will ever be the same.

Take Advantage Of Downtime To Get Your Online IT Degree Essays

Take Advantage Of Downtime To Get Your Online IT Degree Essays Take Advantage Of Downtime To Get Your Online IT Degree Essay Take Advantage Of Downtime To Get Your Online IT Degree Essay If you’re tired of working the daily grind and not getting the compensation you’re really worth, it’s time to fight back. Staying on your present path is not your only option. You can go back to school and earn your online IT degree or pursue any number of other programs to train yourself for a new career without having to give up your day job. Thanks to the Internet, a whole world of opportunities has opened up for people who want advanced education without having to attend on campus. Many programs, such as nonprofit management and even masters in education, are now available from reputable, accredited schools. This means students can learn while they continue to earn. They don’t even have to pick up and move to the location of a university to earn a degree through its programs. Whether you’re interested in an online business degree, the IT field or something entirely different, you can use your downtime to get on the path you’d prefer. Going to school online will not take away from your ability to learn either. Many schools that offer online MBA programs and other advanced degrees have gone above and beyond to ensure that their online students do receive the teaching they need to succeed down the road. When you go after an online IT degree, you can count on receiving the same high level of instruction you’d get in a classroom if you seek out a school that’s accredited. Some of the best online programs, in fact, come from highly established universities with a long history of producing leaders in a variety of fields. You do not have to accept the path you are on as the only option. There are choices available that can help you change course without having to give up your ability to work in the present. Online IT degree programs, business degree programs and other opportunities are just waiting for you to explore them.

President Ford essays

President Ford essays When researching my option on a president who I should evaluate, I decided to choose President Gerald R. Ford. Ford had served as president from 1974 to 1977, after the unprecedented resignation of Nixon on Aug. 9, 1974. President Ford was president when I was brought to this world in 1976, so this gave me all reasons to evaluate his performance as president of the United States. To give you an understanding view of my personal assessment of President Fords performance, I rate base on his personality and his political history. Symbol of the country and the presidency When voting for a president we always look at there character and leadership skills. We see what type of leader He/She is based on, from there past and how they do during their run for presidency. In the case of President Ford, he was only known as the political figure that came into the vice-presidency of President Nixon after Agnews resignation. I at first believed it would be hard to grade a person who came into office by default and by that a person who served under a president who at the time was going to be impeached, and probably prosecution. Through all the writings of past and present I found that I personally would give President Ford a scale of, B. President Ford would become president when all of the people of the United States had lost trust in the leadership of our country. President Ford assured that when he took office that our long national nightmare is over and pledged openness and candor. Well during that time I personally believed that the openness Ford proclaimed took courage and proved to our country the type of leader that was to come. In the excerpt from the essay by James Cannon, said that President Fords character had come from the teaching of President Fords mother Dorothy Gardner Ford. Ford was chosen by his peers in Congress, for his integrity and trustworthiness. Fords forceful lead...

Human Resource Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Resource Development - Assignment Example nd instructions, which would enable these individuals to achieve high level of knowledge, competence and skills for carrying out their works in an effective manner. (Holton and Baldwin, 2003; Velada and Caetano, 2007). Training involves learning process. However, there lies a difference in training and learning process. The training program is a teacher focused program, whereas the learning process is learner focused. In case of learning, the ultimate goal remains production of a learning process. In case of training, the ultimate goal is training the staffs within an organization. In case of learning, the learner plays an active role, whereas in case of training, the learner plays a passive role. Training plays an important role within an organization. There are various types of training needs within an organization. The training helps in the analysis or assessment in a broader concept and plays a number of roles. Organizational needs- The organization needs training and development programs to educate and increase the knowledge of their employees, which in turn strengthen the organizational goals, strategies and objectives. The training program is sometimes suggested as the best solution of meeting the business problems. Personal needs- The potential participants would achieve experience, knowledge and learning. The training increases the knowledge, skills and ability of the individuals and enhances them in improving their individual performances thereby improving the performance of the overall organization. Performance needs- If the employees are not performing up to the desired or established standards then the training and development programs helps in improving their level of performances. This tries to reduce the performance gap of the employees in an... This paper stresses that the organization needs training and development programs to educate and increase the knowledge of their employees, which in turn strengthen the organizational goals, strategies and objectives. The training program is sometimes suggested as the best solution of meeting the business problems. Contemporary training initiatives aim at linking the employers of the organizations with the skill brokers where these skills brokers would be offering independent and impartial advice to the organizations and match the type of training needs with the best suitable training providers in order to provide the best training and development programs to the employees. This essay makes a conclusion that training is a systematic modification of attitude and behavior of any individual by means of implementation of various learning programs, instructions and events, which would be enabling these individuals to achieve increased level of knowledge, competence and skills for performing their functions in an effective manner. It is very important for an organization to implement an effective training and development program for training and increasing the skills, knowledge and ability of its employees. The impact of training and development programs on the reaction, learning, behavior and results reflect the success or failure of such programs. The UK government has played an important role in supporting the training and development programs in the organization.

Gay Marriage Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gay Marriage - Research Paper Example The reasons for my belief will be discuss thoroughly in the following pages. But before that discussion, I shall present the history of gay marriage in America and the controversial landmark ruling of the Supreme Court regarding the legalization of gay marriage in San Francisco back in 2004. I shall have discussions regarding how countries such as the Netherlands have already recognized that these unions are valid and carry specific economic benefits for all concerned. I will touch upon the fact that 19 states beginning with New York, San Francisco, and Massachusetts, including California have already passed state laws legally recognizing these unions. It is my belief that our national laws and policies must be revised to follow suit or else it will fall behind the times and become irrelevant in our future societies. I will prove that in the long run, gay marriage is exactly what we need in order to cure certain problems within the psyche of our nation. In America, the first document ed case of gay marriage license application dates back to 1967 when Michael McConnel and Richard John Baker applied for an Oklahoma marriage license. This was the time of the Stonewall Riots and a huge wave of change was taking over the gay and lesbian communities. (Eskridge & Spedale 5). The Stonewall riots were taken by the gay and lesbian community as a chance to have: ... marched out of their closets and challenged their outlaw status. Lesbian and gay activists insisted that the state should no longer treat them as presumptive criminals and should instead, treat them the same as it treated straight citizens. This was the first time that the once hidden in the shadows issue of gay marriage came to the forefront of a public debate that would run for over 30 years. The state was now in a precarious position. Do they allow the re-definition of marriage as also covering same sex couples or not? Marriage had always been defined as a union between a man and a woman for decades. Now tha t definition was being challenged and the state felt a need to protect the sanctity of marriage as defined by their understanding of the law. And that is exactly what the state legislators did. But true love will never be denied. To this day, in the states where gay marriage is not yet recognized, they continue to have life bonding commitment ceremonies and construct families by conceiving children through artificial means. They are in fact, leading the normal life of any traditional couple. However prude that the United States proved to be, other countries during the same time frame were already recognizing the rights of gay couples and treating them with the normalcy that they so deserved as citizens of their country. Denmark and Sweden were the first countries to allow and recognize same sex unions. In fact Denmark is noted as, in 1989, having been the first country to: ...enact a law enacting (almost) all the rights of marriage to same sex couples. These unions, were called regi stered partnerships. ((Eskridge & Spedale 5) Due to the approval of this law in Denmark, there was an influx of gay couples into the country coming from other countries like the United States, who took advantage of the law by registering and residing in Denmark as same sex couples. As an institution, marriage by definition has been challenged and revised by same sex couples across the globe over the past decades. Although not

I. The CEO of the company believes that the company should incorporate Essay

I. The CEO of the company believes that the company should incorporate fair value accounting from next year while preparing and - Essay Example The other stakeholders such as employees, suppliers, and stockholders also find fair value accounting more realistic in predicting the trends in business. It is, therefore, easier to ascertain if the business is a going concern concept is on course or otherwise. According to the international accounting standards, fair value refers to the value of an asset or liability, which forms the basis of exchange between willing parties trough arm’s length production. In other words, in free market transactions the fair value is equal to the market prices, which is determined by the forces of demand and supply. The fair value accounting has several models, which include equity approach, mixed approach, income approach, and full fair value. The equity approach incorporates the realized and unrealized profit or losses in the revaluation reserve (Bazley & Hancock, 2013). When any transaction is realized, the changes in fair value will be reflected under equity. Under equity approach, not a ll the realized gains have any effect on the income statement. The mixed approach on its part, allows all changes in the unrealized fair value to be incorporated in the income statement while the changes in the realized profits or losses are reflected in the income statement as opposed to equity. On the other hand, income approach takes into consideration in the income statement, all the changes in the fair value because of holding losses or gains (Britton & Jorissen, 2007). Finally, under full fair value model, all the changes are incorporated in the income statement including the internally generated goodwill. Proponents of fair value asserts that historical approach has lost its meaning since it does not take into consideration the relationship between market capitalization and the firm’s reported financial performance. For instance, if the firm depreciation policy is based on historical cost accounting, then it becomes increasingly hard to determine the actual market valu e of equity net worth for the firm. Moreover, it is very hard to ascertain the true financial position of the firm if the firm values its assets based on historical cost accounting (Britton & Jorissen, 2007). On the other hand, the opponents of fair value accounting approach asserts that fair value accounting cannot bridge the gap between market value of all equity and market capitalization. The reason for this is that most accounting practices through the fair value approach do not report the internally generated good will. Due to this fact, it becomes increasingly hard to have a convergence between net assets of the business and the market value for the business. The debate on historical cost and fair value accounting takes into consideration the concept of reliability and relevance. The fact that fair value accounting approach incorporates existing market conditions; it has a better platform to predict the future patterns of the business as compared to the historical approach to accounting. It is therefore widely viewed that historical approach is the most relevant approach used to determine the net assets. However, when the assets are held to maturity, the historical cost approach becomes more relevant since fair value appro

Maintaining Patient Safety Essay Example for Free

Maintaining Patient Safety Essay Maintaining Patient Safety When working in an acute care setting such as a hospital, safety is the number one priority. A safe environment greatly reduces the risk for illness or injury. It’s not only for the patient; it’s also for the healthcare provider. For a nurse, it begins when she/he meets the patient. She must assess the room and make sure there is no debris littered on the floor, that all IV tubing is untangled and not on the floor, and that the patient’s bed is down in the lowest position with both side rails up. One mistake that has been committed is having the patient’s bed in a high level in order to prevent back strain, but then remembering that they forgot the linens and leave the room with the patient basically â€Å"in the air†. The problem with this is that is the patient is drowsy, or groggy, or is incapable of walking and ends up rolling and falling off. The patient could also be of a different height and assume their feet will touch the floor and instead end up falling off the side of the bed. This is why before you leave a room you must make sure to lower the bed back to its original position, low. Although the bed has four side rails you can only keep two up at a time unless ordered by a physician for the patient’s safety, otherwise it is considered false imprisonment. In order to avoid this easily avoidable error we must remember to finish what we complete with the patient and then to lower the bed and make sure the side rails are raised. If by chance we forgot something outside of the patient’s room, stop and lower the bed, and when you return, raise it again. Without these cautionary details, a patient could fall and end up remaining hospitalized for an extended time.

Barcode Scanners and Smart Cards

Barcode Scanners and Smart Cards Introduction In an age of technological revolution, the use of information systems in computers has become essentially paramount and the overwhelming vast majority of major supermarkets worldwide has become dependant on it, the consumer demands speed and convenience and the supplier has a strong emphasis on accuracy and providing those needs that inevitably cannot be displaced, only to become better at the least, which has been happening through time. The consumer as well as the supplier needs a method where a product can be instantly recognised, and deliver an on the spot price as well accumulate more than one product not to mention information that both parties can benefit from, and not to mention be rewarded for their loyalty in recognition of their custom. The use of technology in the business sector in the supermarket chain cannot be declared such a name without such a system; however this report is not to testify its perfection, but more to exemplify its reliability, importance and future a dvancements. Why Barcode Scanners? All products to be sold in a supermarket has a barcode embedded on it NO exception, this resembles vertical black lines and a row of numbers, a barcode scanner is a computer peripheral for reading the barcode printed on those surfaces, it is connected to a computer that indentifies what is being scanned and displays on screen the information stored about that particular image and number which is required in a store. The most common scanner used but not necessarily the best is laser scanners, that uses a beam to capture the image and process it. It is believed the essential reason for using a barcode scanner is accurate accumulation of multiple items scanned. Barcode scanner are not limited to the cashiers section for the sake of buying goods and simply checking out, there are anti-theft devices on many supermarkets on the store exit, so if one were not to pay for an item, the anti-theft barcode reader would pick up an items barcode as unregistered on the database or simply put paid for. With todays advancements there are also self checkout spots were the consumer can simply scan the items themselves, so its quite obvious the wonders of barcode isnt quite going anywhere. Why Smart Cards? Smart cards in supermarkets usually are used as a loyalty scheme. A loyalty scheme is when the consumer gets points for purchases and gets rewarded with coupons or discounts for future purchases. In some cases you may have to reach a certain limit before you are entitled to use your reward. A smart card is like a credit card in shape and its size, smart cards have an embedded microprocessor, and it is under a gold pad on the front of the card, although magnetic strips are still used and popular. It can store the consumers details and products purchased if it were to be ready available. Having a smart card is optional but it is beneficiary as you can gain points, which will be stored on the computer system. It also worth noting, not only it inputs data into the smart chip as well as on the central computer, it can also be edited, or certain numeric information deducted in others words points in exchange for rewards The scheme is more than just rewards and coupons, loyalty scheme can put themselves in a privileged position of paying loyalty prices where as non member wont. An In-Depth look at Barcode Scanners in Supermarkets In a world where shops, store and supermarkets stocks grow by products, it has become an increasing demand to keep the consumers happy, the need to understand what needs to be reordered and more appropriately when has become important for financial gain in the industry. Gone are the days where in the backroom every item had to be manually counted, a waste of valuable time and ever so expensive. Even punch cards where the consumer had to mark an item they want to buy, did not exactly deliver convenience. Thankfully in the mid 20th century the introduction of barcode devices came through. An idea of a device that can identify a product quickly and accurately became essential and when proven successful it cannot be reverted, only made better, they are barcode scanners or readers. If no items for sale in a supermarket carried a barcode, then scanners would be considered pointless. With this primary purpose in mind, a barcode scanner does more than just retrieve product information. An Explanation A product carries a series of numbers, but what do these numbers mean? The first two digits implicate the country where the product was made. The next five digits implicate who made the product or what company The next five digits implicate the product itself. E.g. Biscuits The last digit is a validation number, to ensure the barcode scanner has read the code correctly. When a consumer is making purchases, each items barcode that has been scanned is transferred from the POS (Point of Sales) terminal or in others words the laser barcode reader, and then passes on that information to the main computer. This computer has a substantially large database that has all the information about the items the shop sells, every supermarket sets a criterion in what information that needs to be extracted instantly at the POS which will be clearly displayed on the screen a quite possibly another one so the consumer can be made clear on the prices, this is quite obviously the Price and the Description, this is added to the bill and also are ready to be printed at the finalisation stage. Barcode devices are more than just retrieve information from a database according to the code it matches, according to its reference barcode scanners help the computer established what item has been sold or even returned, it helps the computer identify the quantity of stock remaining and possibly alert the manager what needs to be reordered, this is called Automatic stock-taking. Supermarkets have multiple computers which is in a single room and have their own local are network, they control the stock Telecommunications In means of telecommunications, the information stored on the computer, which was transmitted by the barcode system, it needs to communicate with another system to verify volume and notification of reordering. In certain cases this form of communication, is needed through a network using the internet, after the entire stock control department may not always be in the direct vicinity of the supermarket, so this is essential and plays a big part of the process. Businesses would be lost without the current technological advancements and a lot of companies would cease to exist. Without the internet and transmission, the use of barcode equipment would be considered of useless, as it needs a form of electronic communication. Evaluation The use of barcode equipment has been firmly accepted by the supermarket chain as well as the consumer, its effectiveness can never be degraded or dwindle, only to thrive and become more advanced by the day. On the other hand nothing can be 100% effective are there are ups and downs to everything and the supermarkets information system is no different. From a supermarkets point of view what are the advantages and disadvantages? Supermarkets Advantages Speed -to have a barcode scanned only takes a fraction of a section Accuracy with a typical laser scanner it the chances of a reading error is 1 in 70 million Convenience No need for human calculation or problems solving related to prices as the use of barcode and retrieve those sort of details Supermarkets Disadvantages Update prices needs to be updated via the database, if not it can cause confusion when advertising a special offer on display, as an information system has no way of knowing of this adjustment. A power cut can cause possible loss of data It would be very difficult to find additional disadvantages from a supermarkets point of view as it doesnt require special training to use one so it is pretty much immaculate. A barcode reader may be beneficial to the supermarkets but what about the consumer? Consumers Advantages Speed and efficiency when checking out items Because prices are stored on a computer they can be reassured of accuracy Any promotions or special offers will automatically be processed without the need to bring it to the cashiers attention. Consumers Disadvantages A single item may accidently be scanned twice without the consumers knowledge, a barcode reader simply scans a barcode and cannot identify human error under the circumstances Like from a supermarkets point of view, the computer that stores the item information, cannot be aware of any price change unless updated, causing inconvenience to the consumers The effectiveness of barcode readers excluding minor human error can be described as foolproof and indispensable and the advantage significantly outweighs the disadvantages. Loyalty Scheme Information System As well as accessing and retrieving item details and prices, through a barcode reader and a loyalty card, another system is required to interrelate with what being purchased and have information about the consumer itself and be rewarded or identify purchasing habits to pass on to marketing or third part companies, this is not possible without obtaining the consumers details, preferences and permissions. What are the requirements to get this information and data? Each consumer is identified by a unique identifier number which is stored on the loyalty card itself but what is needed before being approved in a loyalty scheme? Consumers Name this is the most important as other information held is invalid without it Address for eligibility of vouchers, points or discounts you must provide a valid address, which may carry a location restriction on who can apply Gender in order for the supermarket to analyse shopping habits and patterns, they can observe a distinction between male and female and what appropriate promotions or recommendations that would suit them. Marketing any communication outside the supermarket between other companies and the consumer can only be made with the permission approved by the consumer him/herself before any details are passed on to relevant parties. Other Contact Details this could be your telephone number or an email address, should they need to contact you in regarding your purchases or any queries you have made How Does It Work? All information systems are connected via a network in order to communicate with each other, if one were to benefit from a loyalty scheme, it must communicate with a machine that holds prices and product information in order to calculate and analyse to make adjustments and process whatever advantage or accumulation the consumer is entitled to. My Conclusion Observing supermarket barcode systems and loyalty cards from outside the box, before putting together this report, I possessed virtually no knowledge on the requirements and the consistency required in order for the business information systems to operate, it did not occur to me that human error can cause disruption from an otherwise fault free barcode system. I failed to recognise that information about consumers details and product information especially the price is connected via a network on separate computers servers not necessarily in the direct vicinity of the supermarket itself. I noted speed and accuracy is only dependant by people by half, and information processing is primarily dependant on technology especially the barcode reader it self. One business owner cannot declare it a supermarket without these devices. Loyalty scheme carries a subtle objective many people may not be able to grasp, I did not realise that passing on your personal details is not necessarily used to reward for shopping with that particular chain, but also to analyse your spending and buying habits and with your consent send you information and offers relevant to this criteria which may appeal to the loyalty scheme member. If your details were passed on to marketing when you specified not to, I learnt you are doing more than just breaking the policy but you are breaking the law and the consumer can sue the company. I have learnt the complexity involved in making sure everything is kept up to par, and it required by human input to update necessary changes to the system. Consumers in general fail to recognise how important these devices are, and how they contribute to an easy experience, only the employees can benefit from something that simply cannot subside in time, only to develop better methods on a system that is established as a permanent component in the business. Bibliography Anon. (). Barcode Scanner Image. Available: http://www.crestock.com/image/839858-Barcode-Scanner.aspx Anon. (). Smart Card Image. Available: http://www.crestock.com/image/133940-Online-Shopping-2.aspx Anon. (). ICT systems in a supermarket. Available: http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=182530. Anon. (). IT in Supermarkets. Available: http://www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk/vtc/ngfl/ict/wjec_ict/as_ict/ict_in_supermarkets.pdf. Anon. (). Supermarket. Available: http://www.theteacher99.btinternet.co.uk/theteacher/gcse/newgcse/others/supermarket.htm. Anon. (). Five Advantages of Barcodes. Available: http://www.barcoding.com/information/learn_about_barcodes.shtml. Ayac, M (2008). Telecommunications are Very Important. Available: http://www.articlesbase.com/technology-articles/telecommunications-are-very-important-597736.html. Reynolds, T. (). History of Barcode Scanners. Available: http://www.nationalbarcode.com/history-of-barcode-scanners.htm. Vermatt, S. C. (2007) Discovering Computers. Woodford, C. (2008). Barcodes and barcode scanners. Available: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/barcodescanners.html. Images used was complimented as watermarked previewed from http://www.crestock.com and was available without the need for a license and for comprehension purposes

Fair Teacher Pay Association :: Argumentative Persuasive Education Papers

Fair Teacher Pay Association Factà ³There is a shortage of qualified graduates of professional teacher preparation programs entering the teaching profession in the United States. Factà ³More than 80% of the employing jurisdictions in the United States have been forced to hire unlicensed, untrained, unprepared teachers because there are not enough licensed graduates of teacher preparation programs to fill the need. Factà ³The overwhelming response from college students to the question of why they wonà ­t enter the teaching profession is that "teacher pay is too low". Factà ³The average national salary for a beginning teacher for the 1998-1999 academic year was $25,735 , far less than the salary for other college graduates. Would you want to be a teacher?? Dear Mr. & Mrs. Doe: Do you care about the quality of your childrenà ­s education? Weà ­re sure you do, just like most hard working Americans. Think about it. Our childrenà ­s education is their future, and their future is our nationà ­s future. This future is determined by our childrenà ­s teachers. A lack of teachers and, more importantly, a lack of GOOD teachers is a big problem in our schools today. We, the members of the Fair Teacher Pay Association (FTPA), believe this injustice must be brought to the attention of all. In addition to informing the public, we want to do things to change the current system. This letter and informaional packet will briefly inform you of the facts you need to know on this subject. We often hear people say things such as: Teachers work form 9 to 3, less than bankers. Teachers work 9 months, and then get the summers off. Teachers themselves say: Teaching is the only job where you work three times per day. First you teach a full day, then you work at school in the afternoon, and then you take work home to do at night. The average teacher works a minimum of 8 hours and 37 minutes each day. 8:37 multiplied by an average school year of 180 days is 1551 hours a year. That is the minimum required for their daily tasks. Teachers also have supplementary tasks that they must complete on an irregular basis. These tasks such as pre and post school year activities, meetings, and continuing education add up to an average minimum of 318 hours per year. This adds up to a grand total of 1869 hours per year! Check out these statistics: - A teacher works a minimum of 1,869 hours per year to perform his/her

Awarness and Attitude of Primary Teachers Essay

Child Rights: A Gist The Convention on the Rights of the Child defines basic rights of children covering multiple needs and issues. India endorsed it on December 11, 1992. Following are a few rights in the immediate purview of Smile Foundation as well as India. The right to Education: 50% of Indian children aged 6-18 do not go to school Dropout rates increase alarmingly in class III to V, its 50% for boys, 58% for girls. The right to Expression: Every child has a right to express himself freely in which ever way he likes. Majority of children however are exploited by their elders and not allowed to express. The right to Information: Every child has a right to know his basic rights and his position in the society. High incidence of illiteracy and ignorance among the deprived and underprivileged children prevents them from having access to information about them and their society. The right to Nutrition: More than 50% of India’s children are malnourished. While one in every five adolescent boys is m alnourished, one in every two girls in India is undernourished. The right to Health & Care: 58% of India’s children below the age of 2 years are not fully vaccinated. And 24% of these children do not receive any form of vaccination. Over 60% of children in India are anemic. 95 in every 1000 children born in India, do not see their fifth birthday. 70 in every 1000 children born in India, do not see their first birthday. The right to protection from Abuse: There are approximately 2 million child commercial sex workers between the age of 5 and 15 years and about 3.3 million between 15 and 18 years. They form 40% of the total population of commercial sex workers in India. 500,000 children are forced into this trade every year. The right to protection from Exploitation: 17 million children in India work as per official estimates. A study found that children were sent to work by compulsion and not by choice, mostly by parents, but with recruiter playing a crucial role in influencing decision. When working outside the family, children put in an average of 21 hours of labour per week. Poor and bonded families often â€Å"sell† their children to contractors who promise lucrative jobs in the cities and the children end up being employed in brothels, hotels and domestic work. Many run away and find a life on the streets. The right to protection from Neglect: Every child has a right to lead a well protected and secure life away from neglect. However, children working under exploitative and inhuman conditions get neglected  badly. The right to Development: Every child has the right to development that lets the child explore her/his full potential. Unfavourable living conditions of underprivileged children prevents them from growing in a free and uninhibited way. The right to Recreation: Every child has a right to spend some time on recreational pursuits like sports, entertainment and hobbies to explore and develop. Majority of poor children in India do not get time to spend on recreational activities. The right to Name & Nationality: Every child has a right to identify himself with a nation. A vast majority of underprivileged children in India are treated like commodities and exported to other countries as labour or prostitutes. The right to Survival: Of the 12 million girls born in India, 3 million do not see their fifteenth birthday, and a million of them are unable to survive even their first birthday. Every sixth girl child’s death is due to gender discrimination. Child Rights in India: An Introduction India is a party to the UN declaration on the Rights of the Child 1959. Accordingly, it adopted a National Policy on Children in 1974. The policy reaffirmed the constitutional provisions for adequate services to children, both before and after birth and through the period of growth to ensure their full physical, mental and social development. Accordingly, the government is taking action to review the national and state legislation and bring it in line with the provisions of the Convention. It has also developed appropriate monitoring procedures to assess progress in implementing the Convention-involving various stake holders in the society. India is also a signatory to the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children. In pursuance of the commitment made at the World Summit, the Department of Women and Child Development under the Ministry of Human Resource Development has formulated a National Plan of Action for Children. Most of the recommendations of the World Summit Action Plan are reflected in India’s National Plan of Action- keeping in mind the needs, rights and aspirations of 300 million children in the country. The priority areas in the Plan are health, nutrition, education, water, sanitation and environment. The Plan gives special consideration to children in difficult circumstances and aims at providing a framework, for actualization of the objectives of the Convention in the Indian context. Status of Children in  India Recent UNICEF (2005) report on the state of the world’s children under the title â€Å"Childhood Under Threat† , speaking about India, states that millions of Indian children are equally deprived of their rights to survival, health, nutrition, education and safe drinking water. It is reported that 63 per cent of them go to bed hungry and 53 per cent suffer from chronic malnutrition. The report says that 147 million children live in kuchcha houses, 77 million do not use drinking water from a tap, 85 million are not being immunized, 27 million are severely underweight and 33 million have never been to school. It estimates that 72 million children in India between five and 14 years do not have access to basic education. A girl child is the worst victim as she is often neglected and is discriminated against because of the preference for a boy child. National Commission for Protection of Child Rights In order to ensure child rights practices and in response to India’s commitment to UN declaration to this effect, the government of India set up a National Commission for Protection of Child Rights. The Commission is a statutory body notified under an Act of the Parliament on December 29, 2006. Besides the chairperson, it will have six members from the fields of child health, education, childcare and development, juvenile justice, children with disabilities, elimination of child labour, child psychology or sociology and laws relating to children. The Commission has the power to inquire into complaints and take suo motu notice of matters relating to deprivation of child’s rights and non-implementation of laws providing for protection and development of children among other things. Aimed at examining and reviewing the safeguards provided by the law to protect child rights, the Commission will recommend measures for their effective implementation. It will suggest amendments, if needed, and look into complaints or take suo motu notice of cases of violation of the constitutional and legal rights of children. The Commission is to ensure proper enforcement of child rights and effective implementation of laws and programmes relating to children- enquiring into complaints and take suo motu  cognizance of matters relating to deprivation of child rights; non-implementation of laws providing for protection and development of children and non-compliance of policy decisions, guidelines or instructions aimed at their welfare and announcing relief for children and issuing remedial measures to the state governments. Convention on the Rights of the Child Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989 Right to education From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The right to education is a universal entitlement to education, a right that is recognized as a human right. According to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights the right to education includes the right to free, compulsory primary education for all[1], an obligation to develop secondary education accessible to all, in particular by the progressive introduction of free secondary education[2], as well as an obligation to develop equitable access to higher education, ideally by the progressive introduction of free higher education.[3] The right to education also includes a responsibility to provide basic education for individuals who have not completed primary education. In addition to these access to education provisions, the right to education encompasses the obligation to rule out discrimination at all levels of the educational system, to set minimum standards and to improve quality of education. [4] International legal basis The right to education is law in Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Articles 200 and 14 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.[5][6][7] The right to education has been reaffirmed in the 1960 UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education and the 1981 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.[8] In Europe, Article 2 of the first Protocol of 20 March 1952 to the European Convention on Human Rights states that the right to education is recognized as a human right and is understood to establish an entitlement to education. According to the International  Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the right to education includes the right to free, compulsory primary education for all, an obligation to develop secondary education accessible to all in particular by the progressive introduction of free secondary education, as well as an obligation to develop equitable access to higher education in particular by the progressive introduction of free higher education. The right to education also includes a responsibility to provide basic education for individuals who have not completed primary education. In addition to these access to education provisions, the right to education encompasses also the obligation to eliminate discrimination at all levels of the educational system, to set minimum standards and to improve quality. The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg has applied this norm for example in the Belgian linguistic case.[9] Article 10 of the European Social Charter guarantees the ri ght to vocational education. [10] Definition Education narrowly refers to formal institutional instructions. Generally, international instruments use the term in this sense and the right to education, as protected by international human rights instruments, refers primarily to education in a narrow sense. The 1960 UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education defines education in Article 1(2) as: â€Å"all types and levels of education, (including) access to education, the standard and quality of education, and the conditions under which it is given.†[11] In a wider sense education may describe â€Å"all activities by which a human group transmits to its descendants a body of knowledge and skills and a moral code which enable the group to subsist†.[11] In this sense education refers to the transmission to a subsequent generation of those skills needed to perform tasks of daily living, and further passing on the social, cultural, spiritual and philosophical values of the particular community. The wider meaning of education has been recognised in Article 1(a) of UNESCO’s 1974 Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Co-operation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.[12] The article states that education implies: â€Å"the entire process of social life by means of which individuals and social groups learn to develop consciously within, and for the benefit of, the national and international communities, the whole of their personal  capabilities, attitudes, aptitudes and knowledge.†[11] The European Court of Human Rights has defined education in a narrow sense as â€Å"teaching or instructions†¦ in particular to the transmission of knowledge and to intellectual development† and in a wider sense as â€Å"the whole process whereby, in any society, adults endeavour to transmit their beliefs, culture and other values to the young.† [11] Assessment of fulfilment The fulfilment of the right to education can be assessed using the 4 As framework, which asserts that for education to be a meaningful right it must be available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable. The 4 As framework was developed by the former UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education, Katarina Tomasevski, but is not necessarily the standard used in every international human rights instrument and hence not a generic guide to how the right to education is treated under national law.[13] The 4 As framework proposes that governments, as the prime duty-bearer, has to respect, protect and fulfil the right to education by making education available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable. The framework also places duties on other stakeholders in the education process: the child, which as the privileged subject of the right to education has the duty to comply with compulsory education requirements, the parents as the ‘first educators’, and professional educators, namely teachers.[13] The 4 As have been further elaborated as follows:[14] * Availability – funded by governments, education is universal, free and compulsory. There should be proper infrastructure and facilities in place with adequate books and materials for students. Buildings should meet both safety and sanitation standards, such as having clean drinking water. Active recruitment, proper training and appropriate retention methods should ensure that enough qualified staff is available at each school. [15] * Accessibility – all children should have equal access to school services regardless of gender, race, religion, ethnicity or socio-economic status. Efforts should be made to ensure the inclusion of marginalized groups including children of refugees, the homeless or those with disabilities. There should be no forms of segregation or denial of access to any students. This includes ensuring that proper laws are in place against any child  labour or exploitation to prevent children from obtaining primary or secondary education. Schools must be within a reasonable distance for children within the community, otherwise transportation should be provided to students, particularly those that might live in rural areas, to ensure ways to school are safe and convenient. Education should be affordable to all, with textbooks, supplies and uniforms provided to students at no additional costs. [16] * Acceptability – the quality of education provided should be free of discrimination, relevant and culturally appropriate for all students. Students should not be expected to conform to any specific religious or ideological views. Methods of teaching should be objective and unbiased and material available should reflect a wide array of ideas and beliefs. Health and safety should be emphasized within schools including the elimination of any forms of corporal punishment. Professionalism of staff and teachers should be maintained.[17] * Adaptability – educational programs should be flexible and able to adjust according to societal changes and the needs of the community. Observance of religious or cultural holidays should be respected by schools in order to accommodate students, along with providing adequate care to those students with disabilities. [18] A number of international NGOs and charities work to realise the right to education using a rights-based approach to development.[citation needed] Historical development In Europe, before the Enlightenment of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, education was the responsibility of parents and the church. With the French and American Revolution education was established also as a public function. It was thought that the state, by assuming a more active role in the sphere of education, could help to make education available and accessible to all. Education had thus far been primarily available to the upper social classes and public education was perceived as a means of realising the egalitarian ideals underlining both revolutions.[19] However, neither the American Declaration of Independence (1776) nor the French Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789) protected the right to education as the liberal concepts of human rights in the nineteenth century envisaged that parents retained the primary duty for providing education to their children. It was the states obligation to ensure that parents complied with this duty, and many states  enacted legislat ion making school attendance compulsory. Furthermore child labour laws were enacted to limit the number of hours per day children could be employed, to ensure children would attend school. States also became involved in the legal regulation of curricula and established minimum educational standards.[20] In On Liberty John Stuart Mill wrote that an â€Å"education established and controlled by the State should only exist, if it exists at all, as one among many competing experiments, carried on for the purpose of example and stimulus to keep the others up to a certain standard of excellence.† Liberal thinkers of the nineteenth century pointed to the dangers to too much state involvement in the sphere of education, but relied on state intervention to reduce the dominance of the church, and to protect the right to education of children against their own parents. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, educational rights were included in domestic bills of rights.[21] The 1849 Paulskirchenverfassung, the constitution of the German Empire, strongly influenced subsequent European constitutions and devoted Article 152 to 158 of its bill of rights to education. The constitution recognised education as a function of the state, independent of the church. Remarkable at the time, the constitution proclaimed the right to free education for the poor, but the constitution did not explicitly require the state to set up educational institutions. Instead the constitution protected the rights of citizens to found and operate schools and to provide home education. The constitution also provided for freedom of science and teaching, and it guaranteed the right of everybody to choose a vocation and train for it.[22] The nineteenth century also saw the development of socialist theory, which held that the primary task of the state was to ensure the economic and social well-being of the community through government intervention and regulation. Socialist theory recognised that individuals had claims to basic welfare services against the state and education was viewed as one of these welfare entitlements. This was in contrast to liberal theory at the time, which regarded non-state actors as the prime providers of education. Socialist ideals were enshrined in the 1936 Soviet Constitution, which was the first constitution to recognise the right to education with a corresponding obligation of the state to provide such education. The constitution guaranteed free and compulsory education at all levels, a system of state scholarships and vocational training in state  enterprises. Subsequently the right to education featured strongly in the constitutions of socialist states.[23] As a political goal, right to education was declared in F. D. Roosevelt’s 1944 speech on the Second Bill of Rights. Implementation International law does not protect the right to pre-primary education and international documents generally omit references to education at this level.[24] The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to education, hence the right applies to all individuals, although children are understood as the main beneficiaries.[25] The rights to education are separated into three levels: * Primary (Elemental or Fundamental) Education. This shall be compulsory and free for any child regardless of their nationality, gender, place of birth, or any other discrimination. Upon ratifying the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights States must provide free primary education within two years. * Secondary (or Elementary, Technical and Professional in the UDHR) Education must be generally available and accessible. * Higher Education (at the University Level) should be provided according to capacity. That is, anyone who meets the necessary education standards should be able to go to university. Both secondary and higher education shall be made accessible â€Å"by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education†. [26] Compulsory education The realisation of the right to education on a national level may be achieved through compulsory education, or more specifically free compulsory primary education, as stated in both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.[27][28] Action For Children (AFC) Action for Children (AFC) conceptualised by Wild Ganzen and supported by Net4Kids and Kids Rights aims at involving privileged citizens, civil society groups and various institutions including corporates in the development process. This programme supported by the Dutch Government promoted consortium (Wild Ganzen, Net4Kids and Kids Rights) has given a boost to the initiative. The programme is being implemented in three developing economies of the world namely Brazil, South Africa and India. Smile Foundation joined hands with the Consortium in April 2008 and since then has been executing the programme in India. The objective is to stimulate more fortunate mass to be a part of the development process and ensure sustainability of grassroots initiatives across India. Through AFC, Smile Foundation encourages people to ‘stand up and act’ to bring a change in the lives of underprivileged children and youth. Action For Children is based on the concept that development is a people’s issue and not just the government’s concern. With this premise, the Foundation has been striving to build a civil society that owes responsibility for societal development and participate whole-heartedly in transforming the lives of underprivileged children. Through AFC, Smile Foundation encourages individuals, civil society groups, corporate houses, professional associations, schools, colleges, youth wings to participate in the development process. The Action for Children programme sensitizes and involves the fortunate mass through: 1. Local Actions Local Action connotes organizing an event to raise funds for a child centric project. It can be organised by individuals, groups and institutions in their region. Local action aims at sensitization and consequent involvement of the privileged mass in raising funds for children through various activities 2. KidsXL KidsXL is a school exchange programme wherein children of privileged school and underprivileged school are brought together under one platform. Several interactive sessions and special activities are organized for the children. KidsXL aims at bringing the children from both the segments closer, thereby reducing social disparities. In the process, the children also learn to be sensitive and responsible towards the society 3. Media Advocacy The aim is to involve media in creating awareness among the people and advocating the cause before a wide audience. The Foundation sensitizes  people through documentaries, Public Service Advertisements, news features, advocacy campaigns, rallies etc. 4. Corporate Social Responsibility CSR aims at sensitising and involving corporates in the development process. It gives the corporates an opportunity to give back to the society. It is based on a partnership model wherein corporates partner with Smile Foundation either to support the whole or a part of capital cost or running cost of a child centric project. The inherent objective of the programme is to ensure that the development activities become locally sustainable.